EMoTe

The new EASA UAV regulations, which were introduced in January 2021, open up many new possibilities for the use of UAVs. In particular, flights beyond the visual line of sight (BVLOS) in the SPECIFIC UAV category open up a wide range of applications. A reliable data link (C2) and effective monitoring methods are essential to ensure that these flights can be carried out safely – because a loss of the data link poses a considerable risk.

The EMoTe project (Evaluation of cellular communications for Unmanned Traffic Management (UTM) systems) aimed to evaluate cellular networks as a means of reliable command and control (C2) communication for UAVs. In particular for future UAS integrations in UTM (Unmanned Traffic Management) / USS (UAS Service Supplier) systems, which are to be implemented without a GCS as a bridge between UAS and UTM, a stable and direct data link between UAS and UTM is essential. Cellular infrastructure offers a mature and scalable C2 solution, which is suitable for the secure operation of UAVs due to its established network coverage and international standardisation.

AIRlabs Austria was responsible for drone-based measurements of cellular signal quality in various geographical locations – from rural areas to urban test regions. In addition, AIRlabs coordinated the measurement campaigns, which were carried out using both UAS and manned aircraft, and conducted a comprehensive gap analysis based on the data obtained. Existing research gaps were identified and specific research priorities for the future development of cellular C2 technologies for UAV operations were derived. AIRlabs was also significantly involved in the dissemination of the project results to ensure the long-term impact of the findings within the expert community.

Several key research priorities were identified during the EMoTe project:

• Linking different communication technologies: combining multiple communication paths and optimising the transfer between networks and cells.
• AI and machine learning for network efficiency: using AI and ML to optimise network architectures, flight route planning and to support resource-intensive autonomous missions
• Security, data protection and blockchain technology: improving network security and protecting mission-critical communications
• IoT, edge computing and cellular integration: Integration of UAVs and cellular networks with other technologies such as 5G, IoT and cloud-based systems.
• Energy-efficient UAV communication: Increasing energy efficiency in communication between drones and mobile networks.
• Innovative drone applications with public cellular infrastructure: Utilisation of mobile phone networks for new fields of application such as long-range image and video transmission.

As part of the EMoTe project, successful measurements were carried out in the Alpine AIRlabs test areas as well as in urban and rural areas. These were carried out using both drones and manned aircraft. The additional investigations into the effects of border crossings also paved the way for international projects.

In the Frauschereck test area in particular, valuable data was collected through measurement flights, which could then be optimised with supplementary simulations and forecasts, thus providing a picture of the situation for the test area.

The project has not only provided fundamental findings, but has also contributed to the development of a consortium that will continue to drive forward the further development of mobile radio technologies for UAVs.